Journal of the College of Languages (JCL)
P-ISSN: 2074-9279 E-ISSN: 2520-3517 The Journal of the College of Languages ​​was established in 1994. It is a bi-annual peer-reviewed academic journal issued by the University of Baghdad/College of Languages. It publishes original and high-quality research in the humanities, specializing in language, literature, and translation into living foreign languages ​​(English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Turkish, Italian, Persian, Hebrew, Kurdish, and Syriac).
University of Baghdad, College of Languages
Environmental Approach to language Situations and Bilingual Development of Children in Heteroethnic Families: A Comparative Study of Russia and the Arabian Gulf Countries
The increasing mobility of the population makes the study of language situations in heteroethnic families a critical focus for modern pedagogy and sociolinguistics. This study aims to identify specific linguistic dynamic situations in heteroethnic families in Russia and the Arabian Gulf and to evaluate the potential of the environmental approach for children's upbringing and their bilingual development. The study's novelty lies in adapting Manuilov’s 'environmental approach' to the specific socio-cultural dynamics of heteroethnic families in the Arabian Gulf, a context previously unexplored in this theoretical framework. The research employs a theoretical and descriptive approach, including a comparative analysis of sociolinguistic models and a review of pedagogical theories regarding the role of the environment in personality formation. The study identifies and classifies key language practice models – 'one parent, one language' (OPOL), 'minority language at home' (MLH), and 'common family language' (CFL) – within the context of regional language policies. It highlights how dominant environments can create 'bifurcation points' where bilingualism may weaken without active support. The study concluded that the environmental approach offers a flexible framework for developing a bilingual personality by transforming the family setting into a tool for language acquisition. Recommendations focus on the conscious organization of 'places of behavior' to optimize children's language growth.
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Arabic Language Documentation and Codification Sources: The Holy Quran, Its Recitations and the Prophet’s Hadith
Living and vibrant languages require reliable sources for recording their sounds, vocabulary, and structures. From these sources, rules are derived, and speakers find such sources trustworthy points of agreement and consensus. Such languages serve as vessels for sciences, cultures, and civilizations across generations. Documenting any language in the world, especially those with a long history in human civilization, necessitates observing that language. This process can primarily be done through its usage by native speakers and the linguistic heritage it has inherited, preserved by generations that maintained its linguistic features. This allows researchers to study it descriptively, and it is the sound logic upon which all linguistic studies in the world's languages ​​are based, where such studies have attracted the attention of both native and non-native speakers. This research addresses a crucial issue related to a fundamental aspect of language, particularly when compared to other living languages. This issue concerns language documentation and codification sources, and their reliability. The core problem of this study is the use of these sources. This is because depending on these sources, the Arabic language becomes more stable compared to other languages. Such studies are of great benefit, revealing the factors that contribute to the strength of a language and its horizontal and vertical expansion over time.
Absurdity and Human Existence in Yusuf Idris’sThe Farafir: A Philosophical Reading in Light of Existentialism
This paper examines The Farafir, a seminal play by the Egyptian playwright Yusuf Idris, from an existentialist perspective, with a keen awareness of the concepts of absurdity, freedom, and alienation. The study argues that Idris employs the dynamic relationship between Farfour (the fool) and the Master to dramatise existential concerns, such as those explored by Western philosophers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Drawing on textual analysis and existential principles, the paper illustrates how Idris’s portrayal of human war, the absurd, and entrenched social hierarchies reflects a well-known human quest for meaning. The research highlights the approaches in which Idris’s characters grapple with questions of self-determination, the anxiety among characters' will, societal constraints, and the inevitability of human isolation. By situating The Farafir inside both its Egyptian cultural context and the wider existentialist tradition, this examination of the play reveals its capacity to transcend local social and political critiques, offering a profound philosophical inquiry into the absurdity of human existence. In doing so, it underscores Idris’s role in bridging Arabic theatre with global intellectual movements.
An Analysis of the Role of Persian Literary Texts in Teaching Critical Thinking Skills to Non-Persian Speaking Learners Using Bloom's Cognitive Approach
Literary texts serve as one of the key tools in developing cognitive skills and critical thinking among language learners. With their complex linguistic structures, multilayered meanings, and philosophical and ethical themes, these texts encourage learners to think more deeply and to evaluate diverse contents. The primary goal of this research is to analyze and assess the impact of literary texts in the Persian language on enhancing the critical thinking skills of non-Persian speaking learners using Bloom's framework of Educational Objectives. This research seeks to answer the following questions: 1) How can literary texts used in teaching the Persian language help strengthen the different cognitive levels of Bloom's framework for non-Persian speaking learners? 2) What are the types of literary texts that are the most suitable for strengthening each cognitive level? This study employed a qualitative content analysis method, in which the linguistic, structural, and thematic features of selected literary texts are mapped onto Bloom's different cognitive levels (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation). The findings indicated that literary texts in the Persian language with diverse structures are suitable for strengthening various cognitive levels, although each text typically has one dominant cognitive level. Based on frequency analysis, Saadi's couplets were the most effective for the knowledge level, Hafez's ghazals and Sepehri's poems were for comprehension, Shariati's "Nowruz" was for application, "The Amen Bird" and "O People" were for analysis, "Savushun" and "Missing Place for Soluch" were for synthesis, and "The Blind Owl" and "Kelidar" were for evaluation. Approaches such as critical literacy, New Criticism, and reader-response theories can also serve as complementary educational strategies in nurturing critical thinking among non-Persian speaking learners. چکیده متون ادبی به‌عنوان یکی از ابزارهای کلیدی در توسعه مهارت‌های شناختی و تفکر انتقادی در زبان‌آموزان عمل می‌کنند. این متون با ساختارهای پیچیده زبانی، معانی چندلایه و موضوعات فلسفی و اخلاقی، فراگیران را به تفکر عمیق‌تر و ارزیابی محتواهای مختلف ترغیب می‌نمایند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تحلیل و ارزیابی تأثیر متون ادبی به زبان فارسی بر تقویت مهارت‌های تفکر انتقادی زبان‌آموزان غیرفارسی‌زبان با استفاده از چارچوب طبقه‌بندی هدف‌های آموزشی بلوم می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر به دنبال پاسخگویی به این پرسش‌ها است: ۱) متون ادبی مورد استفاده در آموزش زبان فارسی چگونه می‌توانند به تقویت سطوح مختلف شناختی بلوم در زبان‌آموزان غیرفارسی‌زبان کمک کنند؟ ۲) کدام انواع متون ادبی برای تقویت هر سطح شناختی مناسب‌تر هستند؟ در این پژوهش، از روش تحلیل کیفی محتوای متون ادبی منتخب استفاده شده است. در این روش، ویژگی‌های زبانی، ساختاری و محتوایی متون با سطوح مختلف شناختی بلوم (دانش، فهمیدن، به‌کاربستن، تحلیل، ترکیب و ارزیابی) تطبیق داده شده‌اند. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد متون ادبی به زبان فارسی با ساختارهای متنوع برای تقویت سطوح مختلف شناختی مناسب هستند؛ هرچند در هر متن، یک سطح شناختی غالب است. بر اساس تحلیل بسامد، ابیات سعدی بیشتر برای سطح دانش، غزلیات حافظ و اشعار سپهری برای فهمیدن، "نوروز" شریعتی برای به‌کاربستن، "مرغ آمین" و "آی آدم‌ها" برای تحلیل، "سووشون" و "جای خالی سلوچ" برای ترکیب، و "بوف کور" و "کلیدر" برای سطح ارزیابی کارآیی بیشتری دارند. رویکردهای دانش انتقادی، نقد نوین و واکنش خواننده نیز می‌توانند به عنوان راهبردهای آموزشی مکمل، در پرورش تفکر انتقادی زبان‌آموزان غیرفارسی‌زبان مؤثر باشند.
From the Uncanny to the Unusual and Other Ghosts in The Summer of the Snake by Cecilia Eudave
In Mexican literature, reflection on the meaning of life and death is a common, though underexplored, theme. Existential crises, which often lead to these reflections, are shrouded in ghostly and unusual worlds that surround them with mystery and strangeness. In The Summer of the Snake (2022), Mexican writer Cecilia Eudave addresses this crisis through the figure of the father, who gradually fades away. This research analyzes the critical moments that led to his complete transition into the shadows amidst an environment marked by the unusual. To do so, we draw on Carmen Alemany's proposal and the notion of gender roles from a feminist perspective. This work contributes to the line of research on the meaning of death, life, and existence in contemporary Mexican literature, specifically in literature written by women. Resumen En la literatura mexicana, la reflexión sobre el sentido de la vida y de la muerte es un tema común, aunque poco explorado. La crisis existencial, que suele llevar a esas reflexiones, se ve envuelta en mundos fantasmales e insólitos que la rodean de misterio y extrañeza. En El verano de la serpiente (2022), la escritora mexicana Cecilia Eudave se refiere a ella a través de la figura del padre que se desdibuja poco a poco. En este artículo, se analizan los momentos críticos que llevan a su completa transición hacia la sombra en medio de un ambiente marcado por lo inusual. Para ello, se recurre a la propuesta de Carmen Alemany y la noción de roles de género desde una perspectiva feminista. El trabajo aporta a la línea de investigación en torno al sentido de la muerte, la vida y la existencia en la literatura mexicana contemporánea, específicamente en la literatura escrita por mujeres.
Explanation and Analysis of the Message of Poetry and the Poet in Naser Khosrow Ghobadiani's Cosmic Vision
Naser Khosrow Ghobadiani, a poet and philosopher of the fifth century AH, is considered one of the most prominent thinkers who addressed poetry as a central theme in his literary output. He viewed poetry as an intellectual and religious tool. As a result of his profound spiritual transformation, Nasir Khusraw considered committed poetry to be a type that only serves reason and religion. He rejected several types of poetry, such as satire, ghazal, humor, fantasy, and descriptive poetry, considering them to be nonsense that hinders the achievement of wisdom and religion. Naser Khosrow listed numerous messages for poetry and the poet, the most prominent of which is the religious message. In this paper, which uses a descriptive-analytical method, we examine the message of poetry and the poet from Naser Khosrow's perspective in two aspects: the word and the content. The paper concludes that although the aesthetics and precision of the word are important to Naser Khosrow, he gave more importance to the content and meaning in determining the function of poetry. While the verbal (the word) message remains confined to a limited number of verses that are difficult to categorize, the thematic (the content) message is divided into eight main categories and four subcategories, which, according to quantitative and qualitative analysis, are as follows: 1. Avoiding nonsense (humor, ghazal, fantasy, and descriptive poetry); 2. The socio-political message (criticism and rejection of praise); 3. The religious message 4. Adherence to wisdom and its principles; 5. Rationality and convincing the audience with logical arguments; 6. Guidance to the inner self and deeper meaning; Enlightenment and awareness; 8. Moral message. چکیده ناصر خسرو قبادیانی، شاعر و فیلسوف قرن پنجم هـ .ق در اشعار خود نگاهی مسئله‌مند به مقولۀ شعر و شاعری دارد. او در پی تحول عظیم روحی خود، شعر متعهد را شعری ‌دانسته که تنها در خدمت عقل و دین باشد و مدح، غزل، هزل، شعر محال و شعر توصیفی را لغو و بیهوده و مانع وصول به حکمت و دین برشمرده است. وی ذیل اشعار خویش، رسالت‌های‌ متعددی را برای شعر و شاعری برشمرده که از مهم‌ترین آن‌ها، رسالت دینی است. در این مقاله که به شیوۀ توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است، رسالت شعر و شاعری از دیدگاه ناصرخسرو را از دو جنبۀ لفظی و محتوایی بررسی نموده‌ایم؛ حاصل آنکه هرچند سخته و سنجیده بودن لفظ برای ناصر خسرو مهم است اما هنگام تبیین رسالت شعر و شاعری، به مباحث محتوایی اهمیت بیشتری داده است. رسالت شعر و شاعری از نظر ناصر خسرو در ساحت لفظ محدود به چند بیت است و نمی‌توان برای آن طبقه‌بندی ارائه کرد ولیکن در ساحت محتوا در هشت زیرمجموعه و چهار پیوست طبقه‌بندی شده است که طبق بررسی‌های کمّی و کیفی به این ترتیب‌اند: 1. پرهیز از بیهوده‌گویی (هزل، تغزل، شعر محال و توصیف) 2. رسالت سیاسی-اجتماعی (پرهیز از مدح) 3. رسالت دینی 4. پیروی از فرامین حکمی 5. خردورزی و اقناع عقلی مخاطب 6. رهنمون کردن به باطن 7. روشنگری 8. رسالت اخلاقی.
Between Memory and Forgetting: The Quest for Identity in Suite Inoubliable by Akira Mizubayashi
This research investigates the complex interplay between memory and forgetting in Akira Mizubayashi’s Suite Inoubliable, focusing on how these two factors influence the narrative structure and shape character identity. Drawing on psychoanalytic and literary theories, particularly those of Freud, Ricœur, Halbwachs, and Todorov, the study highlights memory as a force that reconstructs identity, while forgetting emerges as both a psychological defense mechanism and a narrative device. The novel’s fragmented structure mirrors the characters’ emotional fragmentation, where flashbacks, silences, and involuntary reminiscences interrupt the narrative flow. The research also compares this portrayal of memory with other contemporary literary works, emphasising that forgetting is not merely the absence of memory, but a necessary process of psychological survival and internal reshaping. Through the dual lens of remembrance and erasure, the novel reveals characters with fractured identities, searching for themselves through pain and longing. Ultimately, Suite Inoubliable demonstrates how memory transforms into a space for both narration and healing, while forgetting is sometimes an indispensable salvation. Résumé en français Cette recherche explore la dynamique complexe entre mémoire et oubli dans Suite inoubliable d’Akira Mizubayashi, en analysant comment ces deux forces influencent la structure narrative et la construction identitaire des personnages. S’appuyant sur les théories de Freud, Ricœur, Halbwachs et Todorov, l’étude montre que la mémoire agit comme un moteur de reconstruction, tandis que l’oubli devient un mécanisme de protection et une stratégie littéraire. La narration fragmentée du roman reflète la fragmentation psychologique des personnages, marquée par des retours en arrière, des silences et des souvenirs involontaires. Le travail met également en relation cette approche avec d’autres œuvres littéraires contemporaines, soulignant que l’oubli n’est pas une simple absence, mais une nécessité psychique. À travers cette oscillation entre remémoration et effacement, les personnages restent en quête d’eux-mêmes, dans un va-et-vient douloureux mais fécond. Suite inoubliable révèle ainsi comment la mémoire, la nostalgie et la souffrance peuvent devenir des instruments de narration et de réinvention de soi.
Difficulties Faced by Students in the Curriculum: AnApplied Study in Schools of Nineveh Directorate
Iraq is one of the countries where the Turkish language is taught. Turkmens living in Iraq face several difficulties in the stages of their learning Turkish. Most of these difficulties stem from the political situation in the country. This has resulted in the intermittent closure of Turkmen schools. In 2005, these schools were legally reopened. However, the primary issue they face is providing textbooks. Mostly, the books used are those translated from Arabic to Turkish, the matter which negatively affects the quality of education. Assessing these textbooks shows that the Turkish language textbooks in the region are not sufficiently adequate in terms of effectiveness and quality. In order to achieve positive outcomes in education, it is essential to identify how to prepare Turkish language textbooks tailored for Turkmens. In this context, this study deals with analyzing the education of the Turkish (Turkmen) language in Mosul. The study was designed using a qualitative research method. The data were collected by the technique of documentary survey and were analyzed using documentary analysis technique. The findings indicate that the Turkish language textbooks are inappropriate and do not meet the needs of the Turkmens in Iraq. Özet: Türkçe öğretiminin gerçekleştirildiği ülkeler arasında Irak da önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Özellikle Irak’ta yaşayan Türkmen topluluğu, anadiline yakın olan Türkçeyi öğrenme konusunda doğal bir eğilim göstermektedir. Ancak bu süreç çeşitli zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Türkmenler, Türkçeyi öğrenirken hem siyasi hem de eğitimsel engellerle mücadele etmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Irak’ın uzun yıllardır süregelen siyasi istikrarsızlığı, Türkmenlerin eğitim haklarını doğrudan etkilemiş ve birçok dönemde Türkmen okullarının kapanmasına neden olmuştur. 2005 yılında Türkmen okulları yasal bir zemine oturtularak yeniden açılmış olsa da, bu kurumlarda eğitim faaliyetlerinin sürekliliği ve niteliği istenilen düzeye ulaşamamıştır. Bu okullarda karşılaşılan en büyük sorunlardan biri, uygun ders materyallerinin eksikliğidir. Türkçe öğretim kitaplarının temini güçlükle sağlanmakta, çoğu zaman ise Arapçadan doğrudan yapılan çeviri kitaplar kullanılmaktadır. Bu da öğrencilerin dil becerilerini yeterince geliştirmesine engel olmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemine dayanan bu çalışmada, Musul’daki Türkçe öğretimi süreci belgesel tarama ve doküman analizi teknikleriyle incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, mevcut öğretim materyallerinin Irak Türkmenleri için hem dil hem de içerik açısından yeterince uygun olmadığı, öğrencilerin dil öğrenme süreçlerinde ek zorluklar yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, hedef kitle olan Türkmen öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarına uygun özgün Türkçe öğretim materyallerinin hazırlanması büyük bir gereklilik olarak öne çıkmaktadır.
Human Translation vs. Machine Translation: Evaluating the Role of AI in Modern Translation Practice
This exploratory mixed-method study examines whether artificial intelligence (AI) and machine translation (MT) are replacing human translators or serving as productivity tools within professional workflows. Drawing on a literature review, a comparative translation task, and a survey of 49 professional translators across Iraq, the Iraqi diaspora in Europe, and the Middle East. The study finds that AI excels in speed and cost, but continues to underperform in context, idiomaticity, and cultural nuance. Most respondents (88%) favor using MT for first drafts followed by human post-editing, indicating a collaborative rather than substitutive role for AI. The comparative component, translating a single 500-word English passage into Kurdish via Google Translate and a professional translator, corroborates these perceptions. While MT produced fluent output, it failed in dialectal sensitivity and culturally bound expressions. Given the modest sample size and narrow comparative corpus, findings should be interpreted cautiously and viewed as hypothesis-generating. Additionally, the study analyzes a translated excerpt from Barack Obama’s inaugural speech to illustrate the limits of AI in handling rhetorical style, idiomatic nuance, and cultural adaptation. Overall, results support positioning AI as an assistive technology that augments, rather than replaces, human expertise in translation.
Lexeme Heart in The Structure of Pechora and Babylonian Epic Texts
The study of the linguistic features of folklore works of different cultures is currently considered one of the most pressing issues in linguofolkloristic studies. Identification of cultural preferences of an ethnic group is possible at the level of analysis of paradigmatic relations and syntagmatic connections of individual lexemes that have a symbolic content for the ethnic mentality. The lexeme Heart is one of such keywords. The authors of this article set the goal of identifying the features of the use of the noun Heart in the folklore of two peoples: on one hand, in the epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest written relics of ancient Eastern literature, and on the other hand, in the heroic epic songs from the collection "Pechora Epics", which were recorded by N.E. Onchukov at the beginning of the 20th century. The work used original methods developed in the research laboratory "Folklore Lexicography" at Kursk State University. The most viable method was utilizing the alphabetic lexicon, which allowed for a comprehensive examination of the noun Heart, its syntagmatic, semantic and functional features. The data of the comparative analysis allowed us to conclude that there are specific features in the use of this linguistic unit in the epic works of two different peoples. In Russian epic works, the noun Heart easily relates to adjectives, while in ancient Eastern epics, epithets are used extremely carefully. A characteristic feature of the Russian bylinas is the use of special syntactic constructions based on associative series, which is completely uncharacteristic of the Akkadian epic. Аннотация. Изучение языковых особенностей фольклорных произведений разных культур на сегодняшний момент является одним из наиболее актуальных вопросов лингвофольклористики. Выявление культурных предпочтений этноса возможно на уровне анализа парадигматических отношений и синтагматических связей отдельно взятых лексем, имеющих знаковое наполнение для этнического менталитета. К таковым ключевым словам относится лексема сердце. Авторы статьи поставили перед собой цель – выявить особенности употребления существительного сердце в фольклоре двух народов: с одной стороны, в эпосе о Гильгамеше, одном из самых ранних письменных памятников древневосточной литературы, с другой стороны, героических эпических песен из сборника "Печорские былины", которые были записаны Н.Е. Ончуковым в начале XX века. В работе были использованы оригинальные методики, разработанные в научно-исследовательской лаборатории "Фольклорная лексикография" Курского государственного университета. Наиболее последовательно применялась методика сжатия конкорданса, что позволило всесторонне рассмотреть существительное сердце, его синтагматику, семантические и функциональные особенности. Данные сопоставительного анализа позволили сделать вывод о наличии специфических черт в использовании данной языковой единицы в эпических произведениях двух разных народов. В русских эпических произведениях существительное сердце охотно вступает в отношения с прилагательными, в то время как в древневосточном эпосе эпитеты используются крайне осторожно. Характерной чертой русских былин является употребление особых синтаксических конструкций, в основе которых находятся ассоциативные ряды, что для аккадского эпоса совершенно не характерно.
Colors and Their Symbolic Meaning in the Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm
Colours are among the most important aesthetic and semantic elements in children's literature. Their function is not limited to decorative aspects, but extends far beyond this, as they have a profound psychological and educational effect on a child's awareness and symbolic understanding. Colours are not used randomly in the context of children's literature, but rather intentionally to unlock levels of meaning and reinforce the messages contained in the story. Therefore, they play a central role in the narrative and visual design of children's literary texts, as they evoke emotional reactions and create inner images in young readers. This study employs an analytical approach, relying on aesthetic and semantic analyses of the symbolism of colours in selected children's stories. The aim is to investigate the effect of colours on the child's imagination and to explore their psychological, historical, and cultural meanings within the text. Eight carefully selected stories from the Brothers Grimm's collection of two hundred fairy tales, "Kinder- und Hausmärchen,” were analysed. In these stories, colours play a pivotal role in plot structure and symbolism. The analysis shows that colours not only serve as a decorative element, but also function as a rhetorical device that supports the narrative structure and reinforces moral and educational messages. This illustrates the profound symbolic dimension of colours in children's literature. Zusammenfassung Farben zählen zu den bedeutendsten ästhetischen und semantischen Elementen in der Kinderliteratur. Ihre Funktion beschränkt sich nicht nur auf dekorative Aspekte, sondern reicht weit darüber hinaus, da sie eine tiefgreifende psychologische und erzieherische Wirkung auf das kindliche Bewusstsein und dessen symbolisches Verständnis ausüben. Farben werden im kinderliterarischen Kontext nicht zufällig verwendet, sondern gezielt eingesetzt, um Bedeutungsebenen zu erschließen und die in der Erzählung enthaltenen Botschaften zu verstärken. Sie nehmen somit eine zentrale Rolle in der narrativen und visuellen Gestaltung kinderliterarischer Texte ein, da sie emotionale Reaktionen hervorrufen und innere Bilder beim jungen Leser erzeugen. Die Studie stützt sich auf einen analytischen Ansatz, da sie auf einer ästhetischen und semantischen Analyse der Farbsymbolik in ausgewählten Kindergeschichten. Ziel ist es, die Wirkung von Farben auf die Vorstellungskraft des Kindes zuuntersuchen und ihre psychologischen, historischen und kulturellen Bedeutungen innerhalb des Textes zu erschließen. Analysiert wurden acht sorgfältig ausgewählte Geschichten aus einer Gesamtheit von zweihundert Märchen aus der Sammlung „Kinder- und Hausmärchen“ der Brüder Grimm, in denen Farben eine zentrale Rolle im Aufbau der Handlung und der Symbolik spielen. Die Analyse zeigt, dass Farben nicht nur als schmückendes Element dienen, sondern als rhetorisches Mittel fungieren, das die Erzählstruktur unterstützt und moralisch-erzieherische Botschaften verstärkt. Dies verdeutlicht die tiefgreifende symbolische Dimension von Farben in der Kinderliteratur.
Forms of Resistance in Dunya Mikhail's Poetry: A Feminist Study
This research explores the various forms of resistance embedded in Dunya Mikhail's poetry through a feminist lens, focusing on her articulation of women's struggles against socio-political injustices. Analyzing Mikhail's poetry alongside critical feminist theory, the study reveals that her work employs nuanced imagery and subversive language to challenge oppressive structures, emphasizing themes of female agency, identity, and resilience. Key findings indicate that Mikhail's poetry not only critiques the socio-political landscape but also advocates for empowerment and social change, making a vital connection between personal narratives and broader feminist movements. The significance of these insights extends beyond literary analysis, highlighting the importance of creative expression in addressing issues of physical health and emotional well-being, particularly for marginalized voices affected by systemic oppression. Accordingly, this paper offers a new reading of Dunya Mikhail’s poetry in the light of Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, suggesting that the former’s female characters challenge societal and cultural limitations to engage in a fluid, performative gender identity that redefines the parameters of feminist representations. Through a reconstructed sense of self, their flaws serve as a catalyst to redefine gender identity, not as a static defect or source of despair, but as an exploratory realm from which new expressions of the self or identity can arise. This paper examines how Mikhail's poetic portrayal of women embodies feminist resistance via symbolic defiance, fluidity, and nonconformity. By placing Mikhail’s work in the context of feminist theory and post-war sociopolitical dynamics in Iraq, the paper uncovers how gender identity acts as a point of resistance and how poetic language functions as a transformative medium for self-expression.
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The Figurative Meaning of the Colours Black and White in Arabic and Russian(Verses from the Holy Quran and Russian Idiomatic Expressions as Eamples)
The importance of studying the colour names is related to the cultural indicators that characterize a person in cognitive, physical, psychological and moral aspects, since these linguisis units are often deprived of their original meaning and correspond to figurative (symbolic) meanings and concepts in language and culture. According to their beliefs and culture, Arabs and Russians perceive the colours white and black differently. These differences are reflected in the languages of the two peoples and are clearly manifested in their figurative expressions (idioms, proverbs). Thus. this study deals with the figurative meanings of the colors "white" and"black" in Arabic and Russian, which were determined by semantic analysis. The study arrives at the conclusion that the positive, negative and neutral aspects of a person are described using the names of the colour names black and white along with the names of body parts (face, eye, eyebrow, hand, hair, beard, teeth and so on) in both languages. Therefore, in the Arabic culture, black eyes and eyebrows are considered as signs of goodness and beauty while in the Russian culture, they are seen as expressions of evil, ill will, envy and meanness. It has been proven that negative human feelings and emotions in Arabic, such as helplessness, sadness, anger, are expressed by the word "black", while in Russian such similar feelings are expressed by the word "white". It has become clear that the figurative meanings of the analyzed units in the two languages under study coincide and differ. In this study, the source of the Arabic examples is the Holy Quran. At the end of the work, the corresponding meanings and concepts of the names of the colors "white" and "black" in the two languages are collected and compared, obtainedas a resultof carefulanalysis. Аннотация Актуальность посвященной названиям цветов связана с культурными показателями, которые характеризуют человека в когнитивном, физическом, психологическом и моральном аспектах, поскольку языковые единицы часто лишены своего первоначального значения и соответствуют метафорическим (символическим) значениям и понятиям в языке и культуре. Арабы и русские по-разному воспринимают белый и черный цвета в своих верованиях и культурах. Различия отражены в языках двух народов и отчетливо видны в метафорических выражениях (идиомах, пословицах) языка. В статье говорится о том, что метафорические значения единиц (белый) и (черный) в арабском и русском языках, которые были выявлены в ходе семантического анализа. В результате изучения выяснилось, что положительные, отрицательные и нейтральные стороны человека описываются с помощью названий белого и черного цветов вместе с названиями частей тела (лицо, глаз, бровь, рука, волосы, борода, зубы) и т. д. на обоих языках. Так, в арабской культуре чернота глаз и бровей – признак добра и красоты, а в русской – выражение зла, недоброжелательности, зависти и подлости. Установлено, что в арабском языке негативные чувства и эмоции человека, такие как беспомощность, печаль и гнев, выражаются словом (черный), а в русском языке аналогичные эмоции обозначаются словом (белый). Оказалось , что метафорические значения анализируемых единиц в двух рассматриваемых языках как совпадают, так и различаются. Источником примеров из арабского языка для данного исследования послужил Священный Коран. В конце работы собраны и сравнены значения и понятия, соответствующие названиям цветов (белый) и (черный) на двух языках, полученные в результате тщательного анализа.
The Function of Artistic Ambiguity in the Language of Modern Arabic Poetry: A Comparative Study of Nazik Al-Malaika, Al-Sayyab, and Al-Bayati
Modern Arabic poetry, in its transition from the traditional clarity of expression in classical poetry, increasingly employed artistic ambiguity as an aesthetic strategy and expressive tool. This tendency, extending beyond mere linguistic complexity, responded to the necessity of conveying complex contemporary human experiences and a new worldview unrepresentable through the explicit, monosemantic forms of traditional poetry. Artistic ambiguity functions as a gateway towards polysemy, interpretive uncertainty, and the openness of the poetic text. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the functions of artistic ambiguity in contemporary Arabic poetry, focusing on analyzing its manifestations in the works of three pioneers of modernism: Nazik Al-Malaika, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, and Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati. The paper examines how this ambiguity is achieved through mechanisms such as imagery, symbolism, and the use of myth. Findings indicate that artistic ambiguity in the poetry of these pioneers, far from being a mere emerging phenomenon, has become a constitutive element in their poetic vision and the aesthetic structure of their works. Its fundamental functions include deepening the poetic experience, challenging semantic certainties, and activating the reader’s role in the process of meaning-making. Ultimately, this research argues that artistic ambiguity, by creating a space for continuous reflection and interpretation, has enhanced the impact and stylistic richness of these poets’ work. This attests to the complexity and maturity of modern aesthetics in Arabic poetry, rendering each reading a unique interaction between the reader’s semantic horizon and the text’s boundless potential. چکیده شعر نوی عربی، در گذار از سنت وضوح بیانی شعر کلاسیک، به شکلی فزاینده ابهام هنری را به مثابه یک راهبرد زیبایی‌شناختی و ابزار بیانی به کار گرفت. این گرایش که فراتر از پیچیدگی زبانی صرف است، پاسخی بود به ضرورت بیان تجارب پیچیده‌ی انسان معاصر و جهان‌بینی نوینی که در قالب‌های صریح و تک‌معنایی شعر سنتی قابل بازنمایی نبود. ابهام هنری به مثابه دریچه‌ای به سوی چندمعنایی، عدم قطعیت تأویلی و گشایش متن شعری عمل می‌کند. پژوهش حاضر با اتخاذ رویکردی توصیفی-تحلیلی، به کاوش در کارکردهای ابهام هنری در شعر معاصر عربی، با تمرکز بر تحلیل جلوه‌های آن در آثار سه پیشگام نوگرایی، نازک الملائکه، بدر شاکر سیاب و عبدالوهاب بیاتی، می‌پردازد. مقاله چگونگی تحقق این ابهام از طریق سازوکارهایی چون تصویرپردازی، نمادپردازی و اسطوره‌پردازی را بررسی می‌کند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ابهام هنری در شعر این پیشگامان، فراتر از پدیده‌ای نوظهور، به عنصری سازنده در جهان‌بینی شاعرانه و ساختار زیبایی‌شناختی آثارشان بدل شده است. کارکردهای بنیادین آن شامل عمق‌بخشی به تجربه شعری، شکستن قطعیت‌های معنایی و فعال‌سازی نقش مخاطب در فرایند معناسازی است. در نهایت، این پژوهش استدلال می‌کند که ابهام هنری، با ایجاد فضایی برای تأمل و تفسیر مستمر، موجب تأثیرگذاری و غنای سبک شعری این شاعران شده است. این موضوع گواهی بر پیچیدگی و بلوغ زیبایی‌شناسی مدرن در شعر عربی است که هر خوانشی را به تعاملی منحصربه‌فرد میان افق معنایی خواننده و ظرفیت‌های نامحدود متن بدل می‌سازد.
Tools Used in Daily Life in the Divan of Yakini
Whi.le Div.an literature usua.lly deals with deep and unive.rsal subj.ects such as love, nat.ure, and Suf.ism, it occasi.onally touc.hes on the deta.ils of dai.ly life as well. Div.an poets somet.imes trea.ted the too.ls used in dai.ly life as symb.ols and at oth.er tim.es from a reali.stic perspe.ctive. The.se too.ls had a signif.icant imp.act on the the.mes and motifs used in Div.an liter.ature and provided clu.es to underst.anding the lifes.tyle of that per.iod. Thus, they enab.led read.ers to bet.ter compr.ehend the soc.ial cult.ure of the era in whi.ch the poe.ms were pen.ned, as well as the mess.age, the poet inte.nded to convey thro.ugh the poe.ms. As the poe.ts conv.eyed the.ir emot.ions and thou.ghts to the read.ers, they also used simi.les associated with the sha.pe and struc.ture of the obje.cts they descr.ibed. More.over, whi.le expla.ining the func.tion of the.se obje.cts, they reve.aled how the.se obje.cts gai.ned new mean.ings when assoc.iated with the belo.ved and how the.ir feat.ures resem.bled tho.se of the belo.ved, usi.ng a refi.ned literary lang.uage. Thro.ugh this, the poet not only prov.ided knowl.edge abo.ut the objects used in dai.ly life at that time but also highli.ghted the.ir struc.ture, form, and symb.olic signif.icance. In this pap.er, the concepts rela.ted to the too.ls of dai.ly life menti.oned in Yakî.nî’s div.an will be revi.ewed via the examin.ation of the coup.lets, with each term expla.ined indivi.dually, and the mean.ings the.se ter.ms acqu.ired in the cont.ext of the poe.ms will be discu.ssed. ÖZET Div.an edebi.yatı; genel.likle aşk, doğa, tasa.vvuf gibi der.in ve evre.nsel tema.ları işle.rken, zam.an zam.an günlük hay.ata dair detay.lara da yer vermi.ştir. Div.an şair.leri, gün.lük yaşa.mda kulla.nılan alet.ler baz.en bir sem.bol, baz.en de gerç.ekçi bir bak.ış açıs.ıyla işlemiş.lerdir. Bu alet.ler divan edebiy.atında kulla.nılan tema ve moti.fler üzer.inde etk.ili olm.uş, dönemin hay.at tarz.ını anla.mada ipuç.ları sunmu.ştur. Böyl.ece okuy.ucu şii.rin yazıl.dığı döne.min sosyo-k.ültürünü ve şiirl.erde veri.lmek iste.nen mes.ajı daha iyi kavram.asını sağlam.ıştır. Şair.ler duy.gu ve düşünce.lerini okuyuc.ulara aktar.ırken ele aldık.ları nesne.lerin şek.il ve yapısıyla ilin.tili benzet.melere de yer vermişle.rdir. Ayrıca şair.ler bu nesne.lerin han.gi ama.çla kullanıldığını anlat.ırken; o nesnelerin sevgi.liyle ne gibi bir anl.am kazand.ığını ve o nesn.enin sevgi.liye olan benzer.liğini ede.bi bir dil.le beyitl.erinde ele almışl.ardır. Böyl.ece şair; hem o dönemde gün.lük yaşa.mda kulla.nılan eşyal.arla ilg.ili hem de eşyal.arın yapı.sına ve şekl.ine dair bil.gi sah.ibi olur. Bu çalış.mada Yak.înî’nin divan.ında kulla.nılan gün.lük yaş.amla ilg.ili alet.lere dair teri.mler beyi.tler incele.nerek tek tek açıkla.nacak ve bu terim.lerin beyit.lerde kazan.dığı anl.am ele alınac.aktır.
A Socio-Pragmatic Discourse of the Re-Introduced Nigerian National Anthem, “Nigeria, We Hail Thee”
The study conducted a pragmatic analysis of Nigeria's re-introduced national anthem, “Nigeria, We Hail Thee”, in order to examine the communicative functions of the anthem and the ways in which language was used to convey national identity, unity, and duty. Using a mixed-method approach through Searle’s Speech Act and Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics theories, a qualitative line-by-line analysis was first performed, before categorizing the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts, which were analysed quantitatively. The study showed distinct speech acts, including admiring, asserting unity, and encouraging duty, asserting values, declaring, promising, committing, and praying. Statistical analysis of the frequency of illocutionary acts revealed that “praying” was the most frequent illocutionary act, appearing in two lines (25%), while other acts, such as “admiring” and “asserting unity,” occurred once each (12.5%). The study also examined the verbs used in the anthem, categorizing them into Austin's typology of exercitives, behavitives, and verdictives. The analysis found that behavitives, which relate to behaviour and social conduct, dominated the anthem (50%), followed by exercitives (37.5%) and verdictives (12.5%). The findings revealed that the anthem primarily utilised speech acts that promoted national unity, service, and respect for the country's values, with a significant focus on divine intervention and guidance.
The Image of Women Between Two Eras, Eugénie In Eugénie Grandet by Honoré de Balzac and Laura in La fille qu'on appellee by Tanguy Viel as Models
This research explores the image of women between two different eras by comparing the character of Eugénie in the novel Eugénie Grandet by Balzac and the character of Laura in the novel La Fille qu'on appelle by Tanguy Viel. It highlights the changes in the status of women from the 19th century to the present day, with Eugénie reflecting submission to the social norms of her time, while Laura embodies a model of a modern and independent woman who suffers from submission to male political authority. The research discusses the differences and similarities between the two characters in terms of personal development and social conflicts. It concludes that the French novel, despite its development, still reflects the persistent challenges of women in their quest for independence and freedom. The analysis also highlights significant similarities. Despite the two centuries between them, the two main characters suffer from different manifestations of male oppression. These differences in forms of resistance reflect the depth of social transformations between the two eras. While Eugénie's battle took place within the family and limited surroundings, Laura's struggle expands to the public sphere and authority institutions, revealing new complexities in the forms of male domination in the modern era. In conclusion, the article demonstrates that while French novels reflect evolving social norms, they continue to expose persistent obstacles to female emancipation. The mechanisms of domination have become more sophisticated, but the quest for complete autonomy remains an unfinished struggle. Résumé Cet article explore l'image de la femme dans deux époques différentes en comparant le personnage éponyme dans le roman Eugénie Grandet de Balzac et celui de Laura dans le roman La Fille qu'on appelle de Tanguy Viel. Il met en lumière les changements intervenus dans l’évolution du statut des femmes entre le XIXᵉ et le XXIᵉ siècle à travers ces deux romans. Eugénie reflétant la soumission aux mœurs sociales de son époque, tandis que Laura incarne un modèle de femme moderne et indépendante qui souffre de la soumission à l’autorité politique masculine. L’article analyse les différences et les similitudes entre les deux personnages en termes de transformation des rôles féminins et de conflits sociaux. Il conclut que le roman français, malgré son évolution, reflète encore les défis persistants des femmes dans leur quête d'indépendance et de liberté. En conclusion, l'article démontre que le roman français, tout en reflétant l'évolution des mœurs, continue de dénoncer les obstacles persistants à l'émancipation féminine. Les mécanismes de domination se sont sophistiqués, mais la quête d'autonomie complète reste un combat inachevé.
Evaluation of the Translation of "Camel" and its Semantic Halos in Nahj al-Balagha Based on Newmark's Model (A Case Study of Dashti, Shahidi, and Foladvand Translations)
Abstract Nahj al-Balagha is considered a mirror of Arab culture in addition to being a religious book with human themes, in which Imam Ali (AS) used the cultural elements of that time, including the camel and its semantic auras, to express his experiences and convey his thoughts. The translation of these elements, due to their inclusion of concepts and semantic halos related to Arab culture, the lack of clear Persian equivalents, and their importance in reflecting the cultural atmosphere governing Nahj al-Balagha, has made the task of translation difficult and further emphasizes the necessity of paying close attention to accurate translation and its full reflection in the target language. Peter Newmark (2011) is one of the theorists who focused on cultural elements in translation and proposed solutions for their transfer. In this article, we attempt to analyze how Dashti, Shahidi, and Foladvand translated these elements by applying Newmark’s model, using a descriptive-analytical method. The importance of the camel and its semantic halos is considered one of the most widely used cultural elements in Nahj al-Balagha, and thus, we place it under critical examination. The findings of the research indicate that the translators employed various methods, with literal translation, cultural equivalence, and content analysis being the most frequently used. However, it would have been better if they had, in some cases, used an integrated and explanatory approach to achieve greater accuracy in translation. چکیده نهج ‌البلاغه در حدّ خود آیینه فرهنگ عرب است که حضرت علی (ع) در آن برای بیان تجربیات و انتقال اندیشه‌هایش، از عناصر مهم فرهنگی روزگار خود، از جمله شتر و هاله ­های معنایی آن بهره جسته است. ترجمه این عناصر، به­دلیل مفاهیم مرتبط با فرهنگ عرب، نبود برابرنهاد مشخص فارسی و اهمیت آن در شناساندن فضای فرهنگی حاکم بر نهج ­البلاغه، کار مترجم را دشوار و لزوم توجّه به ترجمه دقیق و بازتابش در زبان مقصد را دوچندان می‌کند. ازجمله نظریه‌پردازانی که به عناصر فرهنگی در ترجمه اهتمام داشته و راهکارهایی برای انتقال آن پیشنهاد کرده‌اند، پیتر نیومارک(2011م) است. در این نوشتار برآنیم با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با توجه به اهمیت شتر و هاله‌های معنایی آن به عنوان یکی از عناصر فرهنگی به­کاررفته در نهج‌البلاغه، نحوه ترجمه آن توسط دشتی، شهیدی و فولادوند را با به­کارگیری الگوی نیومارک به ارزیابی بگذاریم. یافته­های پژوهش نشان می­دهد مترجمان از روش‌های متعددی بهره برده‌اند که ترجمه تحت ‌اللفظی، معادل فرهنگی و تحلیل محتوا پُرکاربردترین آن­ها‌ بوده است، و نیکوتر بود ایشان در مواردی از روش تلفیقی و افزوده توضیحی بهره می‌جستند تا ترجمه مطلوب ­تری به دست دهند.
Images of Woman, She-Camel and Horse and Their Manifestations in Tarafah-ibnulAbd's Poetry between Symbolic Reference and Poetic Function
This paper tries to understand the poetic reference in the images of woman, she-camel, horse and their manifestations in Tarafah-ibnulAbd's poetry. There has got my attention the fact that these three images have their own distinct taste which is characterised by a clear rhythm, let alone the lively nature that is filled with liveliness and activity to be in harmony with the poet's youth. For these three images represented the best manifestations of his psychological and artistic poetics. The paper adopts an artistic analysis to arrive at the psychological aspects of these experiences-the woman, the she-camel, and the horse- and to understand the functions of their images and symbolic reference.
poetic images, symbolic function, Tarafah
Cultural and Environmental Concepts in Russian, English, and Arabic: The Impact of Conceptual Differences on Translation
The problem of differences in conceptual frameworks and systems between languages is one of the main problems in translation theory and practice. Given its importance, this problem is chosen as the subject of this study. This paper aims to identify ways to analyse it and develop effective solutions that help overcome the difficulties translators face in the translation process. To illustrate the problem under study, specific examples were chosen to help clarify the research idea and provide answers to key aspects of the research topic. One of the main topics addressed in the article is the concept. It is a general mental structure that includes a system of concepts that reflect reality. It is linked to surrounding objects and phenomena through the symbols they represent. Therefore, a concept can be defined as a system consisting of moral and cultural ideas symbolically linked to a specific reality and expressed in linguistic forms. One of the most important conclusions of the study is the necessity for the translator to be familiar with the cultural and linguistic environment of both the source and target languages. Particular attention should be paid to vocabulary related to the environmental and cultural reality of both linguistic systems. This allows for the accurate transmission of the meaning of the text and makes it more comprehensible to native speakers of the target language. Аннотация Проблема различий в концептуальных основах и системах между языками является одной из ключевых в теории и практике перевода. В силу её актуальности данная проблема была выбрана в качестве предмета исследования. Целью работы стало выявление путей её диагностики и разработка эффективных решений, способствующих преодолению трудностей, с которыми сталкивается переводчик в процессе перевода. Для иллюстрации исследуемой проблемы были подобраны конкретные примеры, позволяющие уточнить суть вопроса и найти ответы на ключевые аспекты темы. Одним из ключевых понятий, рассматриваемых в статье, является концепт, который представляет собой обобщённую ментальную структуру, включающую в себя систему понятий, отражающих действительность. Он связан с объектами и явлениями окружающего мира посредством символов, которые их обозначают. Таким образом, концепт можно определить как систему, состоящую из моральных и культурных идей, символически соотносимых с конкретной реальностью и находящих выражение в языковых формах. Одним из наиболее значимых выводов исследования стала необходимость глубокого знакомства переводчика с культурной и языковой средой как исходного, так и целевого языков. Особое внимание следует уделять лексике, связанной с экологическими и культурными реалиями обеих языковых систем. Это позволяет достичь точности передачи смысла текста и делает его более понятным для носителя языка перевода.
The Ethics of Transhumanism in Annalee Newitz’s Autonomous
This paper examines the influence of extreme capitalism within the pharmaceutical industry and the existence of sentient robots within the context of transhumanism in the American novel Autonomous (2017) by Annalee Newitz (1969- ). It also utilizes the theory of deontological ethics to clarify the ethical state of this futuristic world within the novel. Additionally, the application of virtue ethics is an attempt to select an ethical theory that aligns with the future of technological advancements. As technology rapidly progresses, resulting in extreme shifts in the ethical, political, and societal spheres, it becomes important to uphold ethical principles that would survive the test of time. Such ethical principles would be influential in cases where existing theories about ethics become insufficient in coping with the impact of ever-increasing technological progress. The paper also explores how Autonomous critiques the commodification of medicine by big pharma, as well as the ethics of merging man and machine against the backdrop of deontology. This is primarily accomplished by employing textual analysis to explore and contextualize the pharmaceutical company “Zaxy” within the deontological system of ethics. It also examines the events in Autonomous in relation to real-world circumstances and delves into the consequences that arose from the existence of sentient robots and how deontology would view those consequences, especially the extension of human rights to machines. In seeking to discover an ethical theory that holds value in the future, character analysis is done from the perspective of virtue ethics as a possible solution to the lack of certainty concerning the future of technological progress. The findings reveal that Autonomous reflects a common concern about transhumanism: its potential to amplify some negative aspects of capitalism. This is illustrated by the depiction of humans as a tool for profit, and by the limited access to new medicine, all of which are contradictory to the imperative of deontological ethics. The study concludes that character virtue serves as an anchor for proper ethical behavior in a future where the concept of ethics itself is redefined. However, balancing the demands of the drug patent system with the necessity to pursue the well-being of the public remains an unresolved ethical challenge.
The comparative study of preposition(Harf Jar) in Arabic &( Harf Jar ) in Persian
Considering the importance of researches in the area of comparing different languages and its impact on discovering languages links, the present study examines Arabic prepositions (Harf Jar) and Persian preposition in the place of one of the most important element of grammar in two languages based on the studies conducted by the grammar researchers of Arabic and Persian languages, in order to make the 2 languages’ differences, similarities and their impact on each other more obvious. One of the most important discovery of this study is that, it indicates that each prepositions has a primary meaning with two or more implications, so using each one of these prepositions in another place is almost impossible.
The comparative study, preposition, Arabic , Persian
What lies behind lines of oriental script
It is Surprising that speech feature does not stop even with silence, whether this silence is a disable of the speech device or illness which makes man unable to speak ; and stranger than this, that man does not stop talking even while sleeping in dreams and the analects within even though , they are mostly silent. So, it becomes inevitable to offer a linguistic theme calls to communicate, as long as there are people communicating. Because novel is another vision of life, it is necessary to bring out people, so you give the communication its meaning particularly reading communication, and all its claims of open interpretations presented by the character , declared or hidden, so, the reader would receive these interpretations to think about consequences The character is a carrier vessel, which connects both ends of the novel, the hidden party, the writer and the visible party , the reader, the two parties connect both ends of the novel and its emotions even though there is no description of physical or virtual of decorations and accessories and thus the character becomes the touchstone in the processes of writing and reading together. In modern writing , we may encounter characters that take a stagnation setting and during narration process , it becomes just a repletion to itself, imprison of the soul within the body , rumination and rerepresntation of the past by recalling mythological figures to help him cling to life. I have addressed the mentioned above in many levels , such as relationship between names and characters (heritage, both legendary and religiously) historical figures, as well analyzing character Herrmonoutikie. It is necessary for the reader to understand the character in novels in order to be able to communicate with them or help him to participate , along with the help of characters , in making other understand. Novel is a new way to understand life. The last level is the motion impact of the text , which plays a major role in transferring events from place to another even though it is an intertextuality the author trying to establish the novel, even if it exceeds the sanctity of some of the texts, as it comes to cynicize religious figures, to divert the stable concepts. And finally the results that summarize of the study along with most important notes
التأويل _ الدلالة _ الشخصية _ الحركة_ النص
Translation Products Published in Azzaman “Translation” page
Translation is the element which characterizes colleges and departments of languages and translation. These academic institutions are concerned in qualifying high quality staffs which carry out translation as profession at the state and society institutions. Experts in translation believe that translation is an applied science depends heavily on the skills of the translator which he/ she acquire in the course of exercising it. Otherwise, translation remains restricted within the field of theories. Press is a suitable application field for translation where translators find in press an area of mass spread enables them to show their talents and to widen their spread circle. Hence, "Azzaman" paper, Iraq version, initiative started; dedicating a weekly page titled "Translations" to publish the translations done by the members of the teaching staffs of colleges and departments of translation at the Iraqi universities. Any academic institution has a specified identity springs from its aims, mission and vision. Translation, in this respect, is the distinctive identity of colleges and departments of languages and translation. In the light of this fact, translation is described as science and art at the same time. It requires skills and capabilities a translator cannot acquire them without exercising translation continuously to monitor his/ her performance level and responses to his/ her production. Thus, application field is a crucial criterion to evaluate translator capacity to apply the materials he/ she learnt. The present paper attempts to analyze the content of "Translations" page of "Azzaman" daily, subjugate it to the scientific methodology in order to specify the nature of the subjects published there, the languages translated from 'Source' and the basic data concerning the translators
ترجمة , صحافة , تحليل مضمون , مقارنة , اجناس
The Counterparts in the Ancient Iraqi Literature and Pre-Islamic Poetry A STUDY IN SUBJECTS AND IDEAS
This research paper aims studying the topics and ideas which ancient Iraqi literature in its poetic and prosaic and other arts in comparison with its counterpart in the ancient poetry of the Arab during in the Pre-Islamic era. I have observed importance of study of these counterparts while reading many of the literary texts of the two literatures. A valuable reference by the late professor Dr. Abdul-Jabbar Al-Mutalabi in which he affirmed that the ancient Arab poem remained habiting other worlds that are not free of the remnant of long-established fears and rituals. This research is an attempt to reveal the similar themes in the two literatures whether in the views, ideas of artistic like the wild pull and the wild cow, stories if immortality, travel of knowledge seeking in addition to themes that formed a common feature between the ancient Iraqi literature and pre-Islamic poetry. The link between these two literatures is rampant with examples. The research is divided into two aspects: the first cares for the important intellectual and life themes and other purpose, the second is concerned with the descriptions of the counterpart in the literatures.
counterparts, ancient literature, Arab poetry.
Epistolary style in Abraham Mapu’s outcomes: Hypocrite novel
The current research addresses the epistolary style in Hebrew literature in the Enlightenment Era. The researcher addressed this style of writing in Abraham’s novel (the hypocrite) that has become as mailbox of all the novel’s characters. The novelist utilized these letters to present the secrets and thoughts of the characters as well as their feelings. Generally, this novel was composed entirely of letters that aimed at preparing the readers, who were living outside Israel, to comprehend the implicit meaning of the novel. The writer in his novel depicted the Jewish people in a particular time who characterized as a conservative community. He found out that letters werean appropriate means to uncover the thoughts of characters. Those letters revolved around (criticism, piece of advice, guidance, cheating, and conspiracy). Abraham Mapu put forward in-depth information through this type of writing. It was clearly observed that the main plot of the novel concentrated on letters which were taken as an approach to write this novel. הקדמה: רומן מכתבים הוא סוג ספרותי חשוב של הסופרים היהודים ביצירותיהם בתקופות שונות, וביחוד בתקופת ההשכלה. הסופרים היהודים בתקופה ההיא, השתמשו במכתביםכאמצעים חשובים להעברת רעיונותיהם לקורא היהודי. הם מצאו שתפקידם של המכתבים ביצירותיהם הייתה מועילה, דרך השפעתם בקורא היהודי שבגולה. אברהם מאפו השתמש במכתבים ברוב יצירותיו, אך בעיט צבוע, המכתבים היו מכסים את הרומן הזה. ורוב הידיעות והרעיונות של הרומן הועברו דרך המכתבים האלה. על כן ''עיט צבוע'' נחשב כתבת דואר של דמויותו. המכתבים היו הדרך הקלה של מאפו להעביר את מחשבתו המשכילית, והאמצע החשוב להסיר את המסכה מהחסידים שהיו עומדים בצד השני נגד המשכילים.
השיטה האפיסטולרית, אברהם מאפו, הרומן ''עיט צבוע'', תקופת ההשכלה
The prologue is the most important and complicated part of the narrative text because it is considered the clear face of the novel that drives the reader to approach the text. The prologue is described as the bridge through which the reader initiates to move in slow or rapid steps. In this sense, a deal will be held between the receiver and the text in order to identify the form of reception and how to access to start the narrative imagination. This study comes in the context of the critical interest and the scientific research of the world of the prologues of the Arabic narrative works and subject them to assessment and revision in the light of a scientific methodology, away from issuing random judgments and unscientific press description. The present study includes three sections. The first one is concerned with the methodological frame, while the second one deals with the theoretical concepts. The third section is mainly devoted to analyzing some practical samples of the prologues of selected Arabic narrative texts.
Prologues, Arabic Novels, Global Novels, Prologues of Novels.
Images of Love and Romance, and the Lover's Description in Saadi ash-Shirazi's and Safi-id-Deen al-Hili's Ghazal Poems: A Comparative Study
Lyric literature, specifically poems of love and ghazal (flirtation), has a good representation in both Arabic and Persian literature, since most poets posed poems of this kind in various periods of time, and consequently, they enriched their products. They try to express about love which makes one of human feelings in so lovely imagery and simple language. And, they attempt at creating novel similes in describing the lover. In this paper, the researchers studied images of love and romance, and lover's description both literally and semantically within selected ghazal poems by both Saadi ash-Shirazi and Safi-id-Deen al-Hili by way of comparison.Both poets lived in approximate times and in neighbouring countries. Researchers found that thinking about love by the two poets was not only similar, but identical in talking about love and romance, and lover's description, and this represents a significant point in the study. This was supported by many examples to prove their viewpoint. Then, they stated the appropriate conclusions.
lyric literature; ghazal and romance poems; images of love; ;lover's description; Saadi ash-Shirazi and Safi-id-Deen al-Hili; Arabic and Persian literature in 7th century A.H.
A Comparative Study of Boredom and Hopelessness in Najib Mahfouz's The Beggar and Abbas Maroufi's Symphony of the Dead
Despair and the lack of a positive and hopeful outlook, along with the destruction of one’s purposeful efforts, are themes that lead to poor mental health. In positive psychology, it is believed that concepts such as despair can lead to various illnesses. This study aims to examine despair in Naguib Mahfouz’s The Beggar and Abbas Maroufi's Symphony of the Dead using an analytical-descriptive approach to examine its impact on the characters’ behaviour, as well as to reveal the prevailing atmosphere in the two novels. The results indicate that the despair and boredom dominating the novels are primarily due to the sick and depressed character of Omar. Economic conditions do not play a significant role in this context, although oppressive conditions are not without influence. In the novel Symphony of the Dead, boredom and despair are symbolic and significant as two fundamental and prominent feelings in the world the author depicts. These feelings often arise due to the pessimistic conditions and the unsatisfactory endings described for the characters and society. The conflict between tradition and modernity in family and society, as well as the outbreak of World War II, are among the reasons for this despair, which manifests in themes such as the description of sorrow, atmospheres filled with despair, boredom in marital and familial relationships, regret, weakness, and incapability. چکیده پژوهش حاضر درصدد است به روش تحلیلی -توصیفی ضمن بررسی ناامیدی در رمان گدا اثر نجیب محفوظ و سمفونی مردگان عباس معروفی به بازیابی آن در رفتار شخصیّت‌های داستان‌های مذکور، بپردازد. نتایج به دست آمده بیانگر آن است که ناامیدی و ملال حاکم و شرایط اقتصادی در این زمینه نقشی نداشته‎اند. هرچند شرایط خفقان‌زده در این میان بی‌تأثیر نبوده است. در رمان "سمفونی مردگان"، ملال و ناامیدی به عنوان دو احساس اساسی و بارز در جهانی که نویسنده آن را به تصویر می‌کشد، نمادین و مهم هستند. این دو احساس اغلب به دلیل شرایط بدبینانه و پایان غیرمطلوبی که برای شخصیّت‌ها و جامعه توصیف می‌شود، به وجود می‌آیند. تقابل سنت و مدرنیته در خانواده و اجتماع و نیز وقایع جنگ جهانی دوم از دلایل این ناامیدی هستند که در مضامینی چون وصف غم و اندوه، فضای یأس‌آلود، ملال در روابط زناشویی و خانوادگی، حسرت، ضعف و ناتوانی پدیدار می‌شود.
An Analysis and Comparison of Vowel Changes between the Turkish Language and the Turkmen Dialect in Aydın Aslan's National Feelings Poems
This research is an analysis and comparison of vowel changes between the Turkish language and the Turkmen dialect in Aydın Aslan's poems National Feelings. The reason for choosing this topic is to study the exact written and spoken Turkmen dialect, and comparing it to the Turkish language and delving into it to uncover many of its hidden trends. It also aims to better express the poet in the Turkmen literature and introduce him to the audience. Since the Turkmen poetry touches on reality and its vocabulary is renewed according to its development, and has a history replete with authenticity, we approach poetry and qoriyat as a means of communicating ideas, advice and guidance. In this research, the introduction provides a brief overview of the Turkmen literature, as well as information on its branches. It also reveals the poet's birthplace, as he grew up and studied in Kirkuk. Then, the study of phonetics is explained, its characteristics are highlighted and linked to the letters of the Turkmen dialect, and compared with examples to the Turkish language. The poet's national feelings poems are also written, along with transcribing the original texts and making the necessary changes to letter combinations to suit the Turkmen dialect. This is because the letters differ in form, structure, and meaning. Finally, important features of the Turkmen dialect and its characteristics are highlighted. Özet Araştırma konusu, şair Aydın Aslan'ın "Milli Duygular" şiirinde Türk dili ile Türkmen lehçesi arasındaki ünlülerdeki değişimler açısından dilbilimsel özelliklerin incelenmesidir. Bu konuyu seçmemin nedeni, yazılı ve sözlü Türkmen lehçelerini tam bir kopya olarak incelemek, bunları Türk diliyle karşılaştırmak ve içlerine dalarak birçok gizli eğilimi ortaya çıkarmak ve keşfetmeye çalışmaktır. Ayrıca, şairi Türkmen edebiyatında daha iyi ifade etmek ve onu dinleyicilere ve edebiyat dünyasına daha iyi tanıtmaktır. Türkmen şiiri gerçeğe dokunduğu ve kelime dağarcığı gelişimine göre yenilendiği için, özgünlüklerle dolu bir geçmişi olduğu için, şiir ve dizeleri fikirleri iletmenin bir aracı olarak öğüt ve rehberlik için kullanıyorum. Çalışmada Türkmen edebiyatına kısa bir giriş, dalları ve şairin büyüdüğü ve eğitim gördüğü doğum yeri (Kerkük) hakkında bilgiler yer aldı. Daha sonra (fonoloji) çalışması açıklandı, özellikleri vurgulandı ve Türkmen lehçesinin harflerine bağlandı, örneklerle Türk diliyle karşılaştırıldı. Şair ayrıca "Milli Duyguları" dile getiren şiirler yazdı ve şiirlerin orijinal metnini kopyaladı ve harflerin biçim, yapı ve anlam bakımından birbirinden farklı olması nedeniyle Türkmen lehçesine uyması için harfleri birleştirmede gerekli değişiklikleri yaptı. Sonuç olarak Türkmen lehçesinin önemli özellikleri ve özellikleri vurgulandı.