A comparative reading of the social and political satire in the works of Abu al-Fadl Zrui Nasrabad and Ahmad Rajab (The tadhk
خوانش تطبیقی طنز اجتماعی – سیاسی در آثار ابوالفضل زرویی نصرآباد و احمد رجب(مورد مطالعه: تذکرة المقامات زرویی و نصف كلمة احمد رجب)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0337Keywords:
Ahmad Rajab, Abu al-Fadl Zrui Nasrabad, satire, methods of satire, احمد رجب، ابوالفضل زرویی نصرآباد، طنز، تکنیک‌های طنزAbstract
Satire is genre of the literary arts that has always been the source of human interest. Because it is difficult to accept direct criticism, Satire appears as a literary tool in which vices, follies, abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement. A satirical critic usually employs irony to attain this goal. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often profitable social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and broader issues in society .In such cases, humor is not an entertainment, but a means through which a problem is being exposed in a rather indirect way. Abu al-Fadl Zrui Nasrabad and Ahmad Rajab are two of the famous satirists in Iran and Egypt who have used satire to expose the follies, immoralities and the defects of their societies. The present study discusses The tadhkirat Al- Maqamat of Abu al-Fadl Zrui Nasrabad and Half a Word for Ahmad Rajab in an analytical and descriptive manner and deals with the arts and styles of the two satirists. The conclusion sums up that satire is one of the most distinguished features of the two writers in their prose, and by using the language of satire, they are also able to criticize ,in a large way, the issues and problems that exist in Iranian and Egyptian society indirectly.
چکیده
طنز یکی از فنون ادبی است که همواره مورد توجه انسان بوده است. در بسیاری اوقات، اوضاع و شرایط حاکم بر جامعه به گونه‌ای است که جامعه، ظرفیت تحمل و شنیدن صریح انتقادات را ندارد و به ناچار، باید از ابزاری دیگر برای نمایاندن مشکلات و کمبودها بهره برد. در چنین مواردی، طنز به میدان می‌آید و هنرمند طنزپرداز با استفاده از شگرد سخریه و طنزپردازی، این هدف را به انجام می‌رساند. خنده‌ای که در اثر طنز بروز می‌کند، خنده‌ای از سر شادی نیست، بلکه چون در طنز، مشکلات موجود که قابلیت بیان صریح آن نیست به صورتی غیر مستقیم بیان می‌شود این خنده، ظاهری است و در باطن، مخاطب می‌گرید و به فکر فرو‌می‌رود. ابوالفضل زرویی نصرآباد و احمد رجب از نویسندگان سرشناس طنز در ایران و مصر در آثارشان توانسته‌اند با استفاده از شگردهای مختلف طنزپردازی، اوضاع و شرایط حاکم در کشورهای خود را به خوبی منعکس کنند. پژوهش حاضر، با روش تحلیلی-توصیفی و با تکیه بر تذکرة المقامات زرویی و نصف كلمة احمد رجب، این تکنیک‌ها را مورد بررسی قرار داده و به این نتیجه رسیده است که تهکم، بیشترین بسامد در نثر این دو نویسنده را به خود اختصاص داده است، همچنین این دو با استفاده از زبان طنز، توانسته‌اند تا حد زیادی مسائل و مشکلات موجود در جامعة ایران و مصر را به صورتی غیر مستقیم بیان و نسبت به آن انتقاد کنند.
References
- Aslani, Mohammad Reza. (1385). Vocabulary and humorous terms. First Edition. Tehran: Caravan.
- Anousheh, Hassan. (1376). Dictionary of Persian Literature. First Edition. Tehran: Printing and Publishing Organization of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
- Dad, Sima. (1385). Dictionary of Literary Terms Glossary of Persian and European Literary Concepts and Terms. Third edition. Tehran: Morvarid.
- Dehghanian, Javad. (1386). "Study of the content and structure of humor in constitutional prose" Doctoral dissertation in Persian language and literature. Shiraz university.
- Fotuhi, Mahmoud. (1390). Stylistics of theories, approaches and methods. First Edition. Tehran: Sokhan.
- Ghazali, Shaeeb. (1414 BC). "Methods of irony in Arabic rhetoric, an applied analytical study." Abdel-Azim Ibrahim Al-Mutaani. Letter of introduction to obtain a master's degree. Umm Al-Qura University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Ghazanfari, Mohammad. (1388). "A study on the use of literary arrays in contemporary Persian satire and a brief comparison of them in English satire". Journal of Literary Essays (former Faculty of Literature and Humanities). No. 165, pp. 113-136.
- Gholami, Sarah. (1391). "Structural critique of Ghalaghe did not reach his house" by Abolfazl Zarvi Nasrabad ". Nasrin Faqih Malek Marzban. Master Thesis in Persian Language and Literature. Al-Zahra University.
- Hari, Abolfazl. (1387). About humor. First Edition. Tehran: Surah Mehr.
- Halabi, Ali Asghar. (1365). An Introduction to Humor and Humor in Iran. First Edition. Tehran: Translation and publishing courier.
- Hasheminejad, Seyed Javad. (1386). A beautiful encyclopedia of laughter. First Edition. Tehran: Ray of the Sun.
- Homayi, Jalaluddin. (1384). Rhetoric and literary crafts. Twenty-third edition. Tehran: Homa.
- Javadi, Hassan. (1384). History of humor in Persian literature. First Edition. Tehran: Caravan.
- Kordchgini, Fatemeh (1388). Comic book 5. By Seyed Abdoljavad Mousavi. First Edition. Tehran: Surah Mehr.
- Nazari munazam, Hadi and Bayati, Majid (1396). «Satirical literature in the Egyptian press; Ahmed Ragab as a model ». Illuminations literary criticism. No. 19, pp. 147-166
- Pardel, Hamideh. (1391). "A study of the content of humor in the poems of Mohammad Salehi Aram, Abolfazl Zarvi of Nasrabad and Khalil Javadi". Mehdi Khademi Kolaei. Master Thesis in Persian Language and Literature. Payame Noor University of Mazandaran Province.
- Purdheghan Ardakan, Reza and Rezapourian, Asghar and Hakim Azar, Mohammad. (1396). "Stylistics of Abolfazl Zarvi's comic works in Nasrabad". Quarterly Journal of Persian Poetry and Poetry (Spring of Literature). Volume 13, Number 1 (47), pp. 1-18.
- Rajab, Ahmad. (Without date). Half a word. Cairo: Dar Al-Youm News.
- Safaei, Ali and Adhami, Hossein. (1393). "Manifestation of humor techniques in the plot structure of Farhad Hassanzadeh's stories". Persian Language and Literature Research Quarterly. No. 32, pp. 119-166.
- Shamisa, Sirus. (1383). Literary types. First Edition. Tehran: Ferdows.
- Tajbar, Nima. (1390). Theory of humor based on prominent texts of Persian humor. First Edition. Tehran: Mehr Vista.
- Zare Jirhandeh, Sara and Bagheri Khalili, Ali Akbar. (1395). "Tricks of satire in the book of patched pants". Kavoshnameh Scientific Research Quarterly. Volume 17, Number 33, pp. 333-305.
- Zarvi Nasrabad, Abolfazl. (1376). Note of positions. First Edition. Tehran: Gol Agha.
